ICU Mobilisation: Evidence, Safety Screening and Progression Criteria
Learn ICU mobilisation using Hodgson red-yellow-green safety criteria, ABCDEF bundle context, progression from passive ROM to ambulation, and ICU-acquired weakness prevention.
For clinicians
Clinical Blog
Evidence-led clinical content for practicing physiotherapists — protocols, assessments, and treatment guides reviewed by licensed clinicians.
Gluteal Tendinopathy (GTPS): Assessment and Progressive Loading
Although the condition was long labelled trochanteric bursitis, the dominant pathology is a tendinopathy of the gluteus medius and minimus rather than a primary bursitis.
Non-Invasive Ventilation and Physiotherapy: Indications, Settings and Weaning
Exam-prep guide to NIV for physiotherapy students, covering CPAP vs BiPAP, AECOPD indications, common settings, post-extubation NIV, mobilisation, secretion clearance and weaning.
Cervicogenic Headache: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Cervicogenic headache is a secondary headache in which pain perceived in the head is in fact referred from a disorder of the cervical spine, most often the upper cervical segments.
Off-Pump vs On-Pump CABG: What Changes for the Physiotherapist?
Understand off-pump versus on-pump CABG, including surgical differences, pulmonary complications, mobilisation timing and key implications for physiotherapy.
Cervical Radiculopathy: Assessment And The Wainner Test Cluster
Since no single clinical test reliably confirms the diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy in isolation, contemporary practice relies on a validated cluster of tests to raise or lower the probability of nerve root involvement.
AECOPD in Hospital: The Physiotherapy Protocol from Admission to Discharge
Learn a step-by-step in-hospital physiotherapy protocol for AECOPD, including assessment, NIV, positioning, airway clearance, mobilisation safety and discharge criteria.
Neck Pain: A Clinical Reasoning and Classification Framework
A structured classification framework allows the clinician to reason from a broad presenting complaint toward a defensible working category, and to match the intervention to that category rather than applying a uniform protocol to every patient.
Inspiratory Muscle Training: Does It Really Work?
Learn how inspiratory muscle training works, how to prescribe 30–50% MIP, which devices are used and what evidence supports IMT in COPD, CABG and ICU patients.
Bronchiectasis Airway Clearance: Postural Drainage, Modified Positions and Hypertonic Saline
A guide to bronchiectasis physiotherapy covering lobe-specific postural drainage, modified positions for elderly and cardiac patients, the move away from prolonged head-down tilt, and how nebulised hypertonic saline fits into modern airway clearance.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programmes: Structure, Evidence and Outcomes
Learn the components, duration, outcome measures and evidence for pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD, ILD and other chronic lung diseases.
Chronic Bronchitis Airway Clearance: Which Technique Should You Choose?
Compare ACBT, autogenic drainage, PEP and oscillatory PEP for chronic bronchitis, with teaching steps, evidence and a practical decision tree.
Emphysema Explained: From Alveolar Destruction to Physiotherapy Management
Understand centriacinar and panacinar emphysema, hyperinflation, flattened diaphragm, barrel chest, pursed-lip breathing and evidence-based physiotherapy management.
How to Read PFTs: FEV1, FVC, GOLD Staging and Bedside Interpretation
Learn to interpret spirometry step by step: FEV1, FVC, obstructive and restrictive patterns, bronchodilator response, GOLD staging and loops.
The COPD Spectrum Explained: Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema, ACO and Bronchiectasis
Learn how to distinguish chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma–COPD overlap and bronchiectasis using pathology, clinical features, PFT findings and physiotherapy implications.
Post-CABG Complications: What Physios Must Screen
Learn how physiotherapists identify and manage atelectasis, postoperative atrial fibrillation and brachial plexopathy after CABG, including the causes of left-lower-lobe atelectasis.
Dry Needling for Myofascial Pain: How to Use It Clinically
Dry needling is the insertion of a thin filament needle into a myofascial trigger point without injecting any substance.
Move in the Tube: Modern Sternotomy Rehabilitation
Explore how modern evidence is reshaping sternal precautions after cardiac surgery. Learn the principles of Keep Your Move in the Tube (KYMITT), current research, and practical physiotherapy advice for post-sternotomy patients.
Tennis Elbow: Eccentric vs Isometric Loading
This blog compares the two different kind of loading used for the management of lateral elbow tendinopathy, distinguishes the established findings from prevailing assumptions, and translates the conclusions into practical guidance for exercise prescription.
Post-CABG Phase II Rehabilitation: Weeks 4–12 Protocol for Physiotherapy Students
Learn the Phase II post-CABG rehabilitation protocol for weeks 4–12, including FITT exercise prescription, beta-blocker target HR, return to work and psychosocial screening.
Vestibular Rehab: BPPV Diagnosis and the Epley Maneuver
Learn how to diagnose the common posterior-canal variant of Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) by means of the Dix-Hallpike test and its treatment with the Epley maneuver, set out sequentially, together with the supporting evidence and the relevant safety considerations.
Post-CABG Phase I Rehabilitation: From ICU Day 1 to Discharge
A day-by-day Phase I physiotherapy protocol after CABG, covering positioning, breathing exercises, mobilisation milestones, sternal care and red flags that pause progression.
How to Write a Defensible Discharge Note?
A defensible discharge note concludes the episode, communicates the outcome, and, when executed well, demonstrates that the decision to discharge was sound.
Before the Bypass: The Complete Pre-CABG Physiotherapy Protocol
Learn the complete pre-CABG physiotherapy protocol, including respiratory assessment, 6MWT, IMT, incentive spirometry, cough training and viva points.
Documenting Clinical Reasoning: SOAP vs Structured Case-Sheet Templates
This article compares the two predominant approaches, the familiar SOAP note and the structured case-sheet template, and sets out how to capture clinical reasoning rather than mere data, irrespective of the format chosen.
Outcome Measures Every Physio Should Use: NPRS, ODI, KOOS and DASH
This guide examines four core instruments that, collectively, address the majority of musculoskeletal caseloads: a pain score, a low back measure, a knee measure, and an upper limb measure.
Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis): A Staged Rehab Protocol
Solution to adhesive capsulitis is a staged protocol in which treatment intensity is matched to tissue irritability.
Cardiac Rehabilitation Phases I–IV: From Hospital Recovery to Lifelong Heart Health
Understand cardiac rehabilitation phases I–IV, the physiotherapist’s role, key outcome measures, and how phases overlap in Indian practice today.
Scapular Dyskinesis: Evidence-Based Treatment and Corrective Exercise Progression
Scapular dyskinesis divides clinical opinion, as some treat it as the root cause of shoulder problems, while others treat it as a normal variation. The evidence sits between the two.
Rotator-Cuff-Related Shoulder Pain: Assessment and Clinical Classification
This blog will help you determine what RCRSP means, assess it in a structured way, and classify patients so that management matches the presentation.
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: An Evidence-Based Treatment Summary
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is among the most frequently encountered presentations in musculoskeletal practice, affecting individuals across the lifespan from adolescence to older adulthood.
Knee Osteoarthritis: Adapting the GLA:D Protocol for Everyday Clinical Use
GLA:D is a structured, physiotherapist-led programme of patient education plus supervised neuromuscular exercise, designed to translate the evidence into routine clinical care.
ACL Reconstruction Rehab: Phase-by-Phase Criteria and Return-to-Sport Testing
With this protocol, you can individualise exercise selection, loading and timelines to your patient, but the progression logic stays constant.
Mechanical Low Back Pain: A 12-Week Rehab Protocol With Progression Criteria
A twelve-week framework to triage out specific pathology and radiculopathy, screen psychosocial risk, and confirm a non-specific, mechanical presentation.
Lumbar Radiculopathy: Red Flags and Assessment Protocol
Lumbar radiculopathy is one of the few low back presentations in which a structural source can often be reasonably localised, and missing a red flag carries the greatest consequence.
Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Clinical Reasoning Framework
Low back pain is the single largest contributor to years lived with disability globally, yet in most presentations, no specific pathology can be reliably identified.
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- Non-specific low back pain
- Lumbar radiculopathy
- Lumbar disc herniation
- Sciatica
- Scoliosis
- Osteoporosis
- Whiplash-associated disorder
- Cervicogenic headache
- Temporomandibular disorder
- Subacromial impingement syndrome
- Rotator cuff tendinopathy
- Shoulder instability
- Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
- Lateral epicondylalgia
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- De Quervain's tenosynovitis
- Hip osteoarthritis
- Total hip replacement
- Femoroacetabular impingement
- Groin strain
- Hamstring strain
- ACL tear
- ACL reconstruction
- Patellofemoral pain syndrome
- Runner's knee
- Patellar tendinopathy
- IT band syndrome
- Knee osteoarthritis
- Total knee replacement
- Calf strain
- Achilles tendinopathy
- Lateral ankle sprain
- Plantar fasciitis
- Shin splints (medial tibial stress syndrome)
- Stress fracture
- Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
- Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis
- Bronchiectasis
- Acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD)
- Asthma-COPD overlap (ACO)